Novamarketing Chiasso Medals Coins India B Mughal Empire India Mughal Empire Akbar Rupee

# 204Rupee AH 999 AkbarIndia B Mughal Empire
India – Mughal Empire – Akbar (AH 963-1014 / AD 1556-1605). Square Rupee AH 999 (AD 1590/1). Mint: Ahmadabad (Dar al-Sultanat), Silver (ø 18x18 mm – w. 11.42 g.). Edge: plain. Liddle S-35. Brown 151-2. Lane-Poole 150 (mint uncertain). Whitehead –. Wright 126. Plant pp. 114-116. Rajgor n. ii, p. 16.

Obverse:
Persian legend. Kalima (*) in centre within square formed by elongated letters (from top to bottom: La ilah illa Allah / Mohammed Rasul Allah = (There is) no god but Allah (and) Muhammad (is the) Messenger (of) Allah). In the margins the names of the four successors, off the flan (bi-sudq Abi Bekr = By the truth of Abu Bakr / bi-'adl 'Umar = by the justice of Umar / bi-haya Uthman = by the modesty of Usman / bi-'ilm 'Ali = by the wisdom of Ali).

Reverse:
Persian legend. In four lines the Ruler's name and titles, a pius wish and the Mint name with epithet (from top to bottom: [Khallad Allah te'ala Mulkahu / Mohamm]ad Akbar Bad[shah / Ja]lal ed-din [Ghazi / Zarb dar al-Sultanat Ahmadabad] = Mohammad Akbar, Emperor, Glory of the Faith, Warrior against the infidels, (May) Allah on high perpetuate (his) Kingdom, struck at the Abode of the Sultanate, Ahmadabad). Date (999) below the top line in centre.

(*) Kalima-e-Tayyab (the First Kalima): is the testification of faith in Islam. (Tayyab = Purity).

Web References:
http://overlordsstampandcoincollection.blogspot.com/2008_12_28_archive.html
http://www.neocollect.com/coll/90/
http://www.treasurerealm.com/coinpapers/countrycoins/I/India_Mughal.html

Literature:
Brown C. J. – Catalogue of Coins in the Provincial Museum Lucknow / The Mughal Emperors – Vol. I-II, Oxford, 1920 (reprinted 1985).
Lane-Poole Stanley – The Coinage of the Moghul Emperors of Hindustan in the British Museum – London, 1892 (reprinted 1983).
Liddle, A – Coinage of Akbar / The Connaisseur's Choice – Gurgaon, India, 2005.
Plant R. J. – Arab Coins and how to read them – Spink and Son Ltd., London, 1973, 1980 (revised), reprinted 2000.
Rajgor D. – Collector's Guide to Mughal Coins – University of Mumbai, India, 2002.
Whitehead R. B. – Catalogue of Coins in the Panjab Museum, Lahore / The Mughal Emperors – Vol. II, Oxford, 1914 (reprinted 1977).
Wright H. N. – Catalogue of the Coins in the Indian Museum, Calcutta / The Mughal Emperors – Vol. III, Oxford, 1908 (reprinted 1972).