Novamarketing Chiasso Medals Coins India B Mughal Empire India Mughal Empire Akbar Rupee

# 203Rupee AH 981 AkbarIndia B Mughal Empire
India – Mughal Empire – Akbar (AH 963-1014 / AD 1556-1605). Rupee AH (9)81 (AD 1573). Mint: (Jaunpur / Dar-ul-Khilafat). Silver (ø 21 mm – w. 11.42 g.). Edge: plain. Liddle S-17. Brown –. Lane-Poole –. Whitehead –. Wright –. Plant pp. 114-116. Rajgor n. ii, p. 16.

Obverse:
Persian legend. Kalima (*) in centre within wavy pentagon (from top to bottom: La ilah illa Allah / Mohammed Rasul Allah = (There is) no god but Allah (and) Muhammad (is the) Messenger (of) Allah). In the margins the names of the four successors, off the flan (bi-sudq Abi Bekr = By the truth of Abu Bakr / bi-'ilm 'Ali = by the wisdom of Ali / bi-'adl 'Umar = by the justice of Umar / bi-haya Uthman = by the modesty of Usman).

Reverse:
Persian legend. Ruler's name and titles in centre between two parallel lines with a triple arch in the middle (from bottom to top: Jalal ed-din Muhammad Akbar Badshah G[hazi] = Glory of the Faith, Muhammad Akbar, Emperor, Warrior against the infidels). Date ([9]81) at top left. Mint name (Jaunpur) at bottom, off the flan.

(*) Kalima-e-Tayyab (the First Kalima): is the testification of faith in Islam. (Tayyab = Purity).

Web References:
http://www.zeno.ru/showphoto.php?photo=81014
http://overlordsstampandcoincollection.blogspot.com/2009/01/mughal-dynasty-rupee-of-akbar-kalima.html
http://www.neocollect.com/coll/90/
http://www.meem.freeuk.com/Kalima.html
http://www.bci.org/islam-bahai/Nabi.htm

Literature:
Brown C. J. – Catalogue of Coins in the Provincial Museum Lucknow / The Mughal Emperors – Vol. I-II, Oxford, 1920 (reprinted 1985).
Lane-Poole Stanley – The Coinage of the Moghul Emperors of Hindustan in the British Museum – London, 1892 (reprinted 1983).
Liddle, A – Coinage of Akbar / The Connaisseur's Choice – Gurgaon, India, 2005.
Plant R. J. – Arab Coins and how to read them – Spink and Son Ltd., London, 1973, 1980 (revised), reprinted 2000.
Rajgor D. – Collector's Guide to Mughal Coins – University of Mumbai, India, 2002.
Whitehead R. B. – Catalogue of Coins in the Panjab Museum, Lahore / The Mughal Emperors – Vol. II, Oxford, 1914 (reprinted 1977).
Wright H. N. – Catalogue of the Coins in the Indian Museum, Calcutta / The Mughal Emperors – Vol. III, Oxford, 1908 (reprinted 1972).